What Was The Ethnic Makeup Of The New England Colonies?
| Commonwealth of Massachusetts | |
| Official linguistic communication(s) | None |
| Upper-case letter | Boston |
| Largest city | capital |
| Largest metro area | Greater Boston |
| Area | Ranked 44th |
| - Full | 10,555[1] sq mi (27,336 km²) |
| - Width | 183 miles (295 km) |
| - Length | 113 miles (182 km) |
| - % h2o | 25.7 |
| - Latitude | 41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N |
| - Longitude | 69° 56′ W to 73° xxx′ W |
| Population | Ranked 14th in the U.S. |
| - Total | 6,587,536 (2011 est)[2] |
| - Density | 840/sq mi (324/km2) Ranked 3rd in the U.S. |
| - Median income | $65,401 (2008) (6th) |
| Tiptop | |
| - Highest point | Mount Greylock[3] [iv] three,489 ft (1063.iv m) |
| - Mean | 500 ft (150 m) |
| - Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[3] 0 ft (0 m) |
| Admission to Union | February 6, 1788 (6th) |
| Governor | Deval Patrick (D) |
| Lieutenant Governor | Tim Murray (D) |
| U.S. Senators | John Kerry (D) Scott Brown (R) |
| Fourth dimension zone | Eastern: UTC-v/-iv |
| Abbreviations | MA Mass. United states-MA |
| Spider web site | http://world wide web.mass.gov/ |
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. Nigh of its population of 6.4 million live in the Boston metropolitan area. Massachusetts is the well-nigh populous of the six New England states, having the superlative two almost populated cities (Boston and Worcester) and ranks third in overall population density among the 50 states.
The kickoff Europeans to settle New England landed in nowadays-solar day Massachusetts. These settlers were primarily not-conformists (later on called Pilgrims) and Puritans from England seeking religious freedom. They founded Plymouth, Salem, and Boston, which soon became the hub of the region, then the Pioneer Valley along the Connecticut River where the land's best agricultural land was concentrated. A century and a one-half subsequently, Massachusetts became known as the 'Cradle of Liberty' for the revolutionary ferment in Boston that helped spawn the state of war of the 13 Colonies for independence.
Contents
- 1 Proper noun
- 2 Geography
- two.ane Climate
- 2.2 Flora and Fauna
- three History
- 3.1 Early settlement
- 3.2 Massachusetts Bay Colony menstruum: 1629–1686
- 3.3 Dominion of New England: 1686–1692
- 3.4 Purple Colony of Massachusetts: 1692–1774
- 3.5 Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s
- 3.six Federalist Era: 1780–1815
- iii.seven Leader in industrialization: 1815–1860
- 3.viii Civil War and Gold Age: 1860–1900
- 3.9 Prosperity decades: 1900–1929
- three.10 Depression and war: 1929–1945
- 3.11 Economic changes: reject of manufacturing 1945–1985
- three.12 Modern economic system and society: 1985–2007
- 4 Law, authorities and politics
- 4.1 Law
- four.2 Government
- iv.3 Politics
- 5 Economy
- 5.1 Industry
- 5.2 Agronomics
- 5.3 Transportation
- 6 Education
- vii Demographics
- vii.1 Ancestral lines
- vii.two Population distribution
- vii.three Religion
- viii Sports and recreation
- viii.i The Boston Marathon
- ix Notes
- 10 References
- 10.i Overviews and Surveys
- 10.2 Secondary Sources
- 11 External links
- 12 Credits
Massachusetts has been a significant state in American history. The first battles of the American Revolution were fought in the Massachusetts towns of Concord and Lexington in 1775. The Boston Tea Party is an example of the protest spirit of the pre-revolutionary menstruation. In the nineteenth century, the state became a breastwork of social progressivism and a birthplace of the abolitionist move that emancipated southern blacks from slavery.
Name
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named later the ethnic population, known equally the Massachusett, office of the Wampanoag of the Algonquian peoples.[5] The Massachusett were almost totally wiped out by a European-introduced plague betwixt 1616 and 1619, and the remaining population was scattered in the wake of a massacre of Massachusett warriors led by Captain Miles Standish of Plymouth Colony in 1623.
The term "Massachusetts" has been translated every bit "at the smashing hill," "at the niggling large loma," or "at the range of hills," referring to the Blue Hills, or in item, Not bad Blue Loma, to the southwest of Boston.
In that location have been various intrepretations of the proper name, mainly via French or English language interpretations of local Indian tribal languages. Ordinarily accepted is the definition of "massa" meaning "slap-up" and "wachusett," "mountain-place."
Geography
A portion of the north-central Pioneer Valley near South Deerfield
Massachusetts is bordered on the north by New Hampshire and Vermont; on the west by New York; on the south by Connecticut and Rhode Island; and on the east by the Atlantic Sea. Elevations increase towards the n and west and the highest point in the state is Mount Greylock at iii,491 anxiety nigh the state's northwest corner.
The uplands, which range includes New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and eastern New York are interrupted by the downfaulted Pioneer Valley along the Connecticut River, the largest river that flows through the state, and farther west by the Housatonic Valley separating the Berkshire Hills from the Taconic Range forth the western edge with New York. The Berkshire Hills are also ordinarily referred to as the Berkshire Massif.
The residuum of the state west of Pioneer Valley is mainly uplands, a range of minor mountains known as the Berkshires, which largely remained in aboriginal hands until the 18th century when Scotch-Irish gaelic settlers arrived and found the more than productive lands already settled, and then they chose to work in the mines and furnaces. Availability of better land in western New York and the Northwest Territories soon put the upland agronomical population into decline. Available water ability lead to 19th century settlement along upland rivers. The villages of Pittsfield and North Adams grew into small cities, with a number of smaller mill towns along the Westfield River.
Climate
Massachusetts has a humid continental climate, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. It receives nearly 40 inches of rain annually, adequately evenly distributed throughout the year, slightly wetter during the winter. Summers are warm with boilerplate high temperatures in July above lxxx°F and overnight lows above 60° common throughout the land. Winters are cold, only mostly less farthermost on the declension with loftier temperatures in the wintertime averaging above freezing even in January, although areas farther inland are much colder. The unabridged state has cold winters and moderately warm summers, just the Berkshires in the west have both the coldest winters and the coolest summers. The state does take farthermost temperatures from fourth dimension to time with 90°F in the summer and below 0°F temperatures in the wintertime not being unusual. The record high temperature in the state is 107°F (42°C), established at Chester and New Bedford on August two, 1975; the record low is –35°F (–37°C), registered at Chester on January 12, 1981.
The state has its share of farthermost weather, prone to Nor'easters and to severe wintertime storms. Summers can bring thunderstorms, averaging effectually 30 days of thunderstorm activity per twelvemonth. Massachusetts lies in the "prevailing westerlies," the chugalug of generally e air movement, which encircles the world in the mid-latitudes. Embedded in this apportionment are extensive masses of air originating in more than northerly or southerly latitudes and interacting to produce frequent significant storm systems. Relative to nearly other sections of the state, a large number of such storms laissez passer over or near to Massachusetts.
The majority of air masses affecting the state belong to three types:
- cold, dry air pouring down from subarctic North America,
- warm, moist air streaming up from the Gulf of Mexico, and subtropical waters (Gulf Stream) to the east, and
- cool, damp air moving in from the North Atlantic.
Massachusetts has had its share of destructive tornadoes, with the western part of the state slightly more vulnerable than littoral areas in the e. Massachusetts, like the entire eastern seaboard, is vulnerable to hurricanes. Although its location is further east in the Atlantic Ocean than states farther south, Massachusetts has suffered a direct striking from a major hurricane three times since 1851, the same number of direct hits suffered by their neighbor, Connecticut, also as the southern Atlantic country of Georgia. More oft, hurricanes weakened to tropical storm strength pass through Massachusetts.
Flora and Fauna
North Atlantic Right Whale
Piping Plover frequent Massachusetts dunes and beaches
The principal biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous wood. Maple, birch, beech, oak, pine, hemlock, and larch cover the uplands. However, much of the land has been logged, leaving only traces of one-time growth forest in isolated pockets. Secondary growth has regenerated in many woodlots and forests, particularly in the western one-half of the state.
Mutual shrubs include rhodora, mountain laurel, and shadbush. Diverse ferns, maidenhair and osmund among them, grow throughout the country. Typical wildflowers include the Maryland meadow beauty and false loosestrife, equally well as several varieties of orchid, lily, goldenrod, and aster. Listed equally threatened or endangered plants in 2003 were northeastern bulrush, sandplain gerardia, and small whorled pogonia.
Urbanization, specially in the eastern half of the state, has affected much of Massachusetts. Greyness Wolf, Elk, Wolverine and Mountain Lion in one case lived here merely have long since disappeared. Notwithstanding, there are wild fauna species that are adapting to the irresolute setting. Coyote, white-tailed deer, raccoon, striped skunk, river otter, grey fox, porcupine, and wild turkey are at present found in suburbs of major cities and are increasing in population. Black Behave continue to thrive in many of the state's western forests, and moose take repopulated a portion of due north-central Massachusetts due to a combination of woods cut practices and protection from hunting which created ideal habitats and allowed for high reproduction and survival rates. Peregrine Falcon can be constitute nesting on artificial platforms on many of the country's tallest buildings in larges cities such as Boston, Worcester and Springfield.
The Atlantic Flyway is the primary migration road for bird species, spanning the unabridged Atlantic coast from Canada to s of Florida. Common Loon are a relatively recent improver to the breeding bird list; their nests at the Wachusett Reservoir in central Massachusetts are considered the most southerly in the world population of this species. A pregnant portion of the eastern population of Long-tailed Duck winter off the island of Nantucket. Small offshore islands are home to a pregnant population of breeding Roseate Terns, and some beaches are of import breeding areas to the endangered Piping Plover. These breeding areas have successfully increased the population by more than 50 percent during the period 1990 to 1992, from 139 pairs to 213 pairs.
Massachusetts has an extensive coastline with a declining commercial fishery out to the continental shelf. Atlantic cod, haddock, oysters, scallops and American lobster are species harvested here. Harbor Seals and gray seals take big nurseries virtually Monomoy Island and other islands in Nantucket Sound. Finally, a meaning number of the endangered North Atlantic Right Whales summer on feeding grounds in Cape Cod Bay. The Cape Cod coasts are too rich in a multifariousness of shellfish, including clams, mussels, shrimps, and oysters. Whale watching is a popular summer activity off the coast. Boats regularly sail to Stellwagen Bank to view species such as Humpback Whale, Fin Whale, Minke Whale and Atlantic White-sided Dolphin.
History
Early settlement
Ninigret, chief of the Narragansett tribe, 1681
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882)
The Democracy of Massachusetts was created in the late 1700s. Prior to English colonization of the area, it was inhabited past various indigenous tribes, including several Algonquian tribes: the Wampanoag, Nauset, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Pennacook, Mahican, and some Narragansett and Pequot. These indigenous peoples were decimated by waves of smallpox, which they had no resistance to, brought to the New Earth from Europe.
The Pilgrims from the Humber region of England originally landed at what is now Provincetown, Massachusetts. In 1620, they established their settlement at Plymouth after scouting the coastline, arriving on the Mayflower, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag. Most early settlers came from inside 60 miles of Haverhill, England.
Massachusetts Bay Colony period: 1629–1686
The Pilgrims were soon followed by Puritans at present-day Boston. The Puritans were from the River Thames region of England and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This colony eclipsed Plymouth in population and economy, the chief factor being the proficient harbor at Boston. When the English language Revolution began in 1642, Massachusetts Bay Colony became a Puritan stronghold. The Puritans, whose beliefs included exclusive agreement of the literal truth of the Bible, came to Massachusetts for religious liberty. Dissenters such equally Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, and Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts considering of the Puritan guild's lack of religious tolerance. Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island, and Hooker founded Connecticut.
Native American-European racial tensions led to Rex Philip'south War in 1675-1676, the bloodiest Indian war of the early colonial menses, causing major campaigns in the Pioneer Valley and Plymouth Colony.
Dominion of New England: 1686–1692
In 1685, King James II of England, an outspoken Cosmic, acceded to the throne and began to militate against Protestant dominion, including the Protestant control of New England. In May 1686, the Massachusetts Bay Colony ended when its charter was annulled. The King appointed Joseph Dudley to the new mail service of President of New England. Dudley established his say-so later in New Hampshire and the King's Province (part of current Rhode Island), maintaining this position until Edmund Andros arrived to become the Purple Governor of the Rule of New England.
After James Ii was overthrown by Rex William and Queen Mary, the colonials overthrew Andros and his officials. Andros'south mail was given to Simon Bradstreet until 1692. During this time, the colony launched an unsuccessful expedition against Quebec under William Phips in 1690, which had been financed by issuing paper bonds set against the gains expected from taking the urban center. Bradstreet merged Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony in 1691, and the following year, Phips was appointed governor with a new colonial lease. He governed the colony past leaving it alone. Consequently, during the Salem Witch Trials, Phips only intervened when his ain wife was accused.
Royal Colony of Massachusetts: 1692–1774
Massachusetts became a single colony in 1692, the largest in New England, and 1 where many American institutions and traditions were formed. Different southern colonies, information technology was built around small towns rather than scattered farms. The Pilgrims settled the Plymouth Colony, and Puritan settlers traveled to Salem and later to Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony fought alongside British regulars in a series of French and Indian Wars that were characterized past brutal border raids and successful attacks on British forces in New France (present-twenty-four hours Canada).
Revolutionary Massachusetts: 1760s–1780s
Percy'south Rescue at Lexington by Ralph Earl and Amos Doolittle from 1775.
Massachusetts was a center of the motion for independence from Smashing U.k.. Patriots such equally Sam Adams, John Adams, and John Hancock became important leaders in the eventual war. One of the many taxes protested by the colonists was the Tea Act, and laws that forbade the sale of non-East India Company Tea. On December 16, 1773, when a tea send of the East India Visitor was planning to evangelize taxed tea in Boston, a group of local men known equally the Sons of Liberty sneaked on to the boat the night before, dressed like Mohawk Indians, and dumped all the tea into the harbor, an deed that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party, which ready the standard for civil defiance.
The Boston Tea Party caused the British government to pass the Intolerable Acts that brought stiff punishment upon Massachusetts. They closed the port of Boston, the economic lifeblood of the Republic, and eliminated whatever self-government. The suffering of Boston and the tyranny of its rule caused great sympathy and stirred resentment throughout the colonies. With the local population largely opposing British authority, troops moved from Boston on Apr eighteen, 1775 to destroy the pulverisation supplies of local resisters in Hold. Paul Revere made his famous ride to warn the locals in response to this march. That day, in the Battle of Lexington and Concord, where the famous "shot heard round the world" was fired, British troops, after running over the Lexington militia, were forced back into the city by local resistors. The city was rapidly brought under siege. In response, on February 9, 1775, the British Parliament alleged Massachusetts to be in rebellion, and sent additional troops to restore gild to the colony. Fighting broke out when the British attempted to take the Charlestown Peninsula in what is known as the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British won the battle, but at a very large cost. Soon afterwards General George Washington, who returned to service (after serving as an officer in the British military machine 1753-1759), took accuse, and when he acquired cannon in leap 1776, the British were forced to go out, marking the start slap-up American victory of the state of war. This was the concluding fighting in the Commonwealth though the Massachusetts state navy was destroyed by the British fleet.
The fighting brought to a head what had been brewing throughout the colonies, and on July 4, 1776, the Annunciation of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. It was signed first by Massachusetts resident John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Presently afterwards the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of Boston from the balcony of the Old Country Business firm.
Federalist Era: 1780–1815
A Constitutional Convention drew upward a Constitution drafted mainly by John Adams, and the people ratified it on June 15, 1780. At that time, Adams along with Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin wrote in the Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic, 1780:
We, therefore, the people of Massachusetts, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Great Legislator of the Universe, in affording us, in the course of His Providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, on entering into an Original, explicit, and Solemn Compact with each other; and of forming a new Constitution of Civil Government, for Ourselves and Posterity, and devoutly imploring His direction in then interesting a blueprint, Do agree upon, ordain and establish, the following Declaration of Rights, and Frame of Authorities, as the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Later independence and during the formative years of independent American authorities, Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in the western half of the country from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led past Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites (or "Regulators"), were mostly minor farmers angered by burdensome war debt and taxes which resulted from their lack of representation in congress. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons. A rebellion started on August 29, 1786. A Massachusetts militia that had been raised as a private army defeated the principal Shaysite force on Feb 3, 1787. Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to cancel slavery, in a 1783 judicial interpretation of its 1780 constitution.
Leader in industrialization: 1815–1860
On March 15, 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts, of which information technology had been a non-face-to-face function, and entered the Wedlock as the 23rd State, the event of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. Massachusetts became a national and world leader in industrialization, with its mastery of machine tools and textiles. Boston capital funded textile mills in many towns; the new fabric cities of Lowell and Lawrence were founded. Mill owners, subsequently briefly using local farm women, known every bit Lowell girls, brought in Irish and French-Canadian workers.
Stung by New York City's control of western markets via the Erie Canal, Massachusetts turned to railroads. The Granite Railway in 1826 became the start commercial railroad in the nation. In 1830, the legislature chartered three new railroads—the Boston and Lowell, the Boston and Providence, and well-nigh of import of all, the Boston and Worcester. In 1833, it chartered the Western Railroad to connect Worcester with Albany and the Erie Canal. The arrangement flourished and western grain began flowing to the port of Boston for export to Europe.
Horace Mann created the state arrangement of schools which became the national model. The Democracy made its mark in Washington with such political leaders equally Daniel Webster and Charles Sumner. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson made major contributions to American thought. Members of the Trancendentalism movement, they emphasized the importance of the natural world to humanity.
Civil War and Gilded Age: 1860–1900
In the years leading to the Civil War, Massachusetts was a center of temperance and abolitionist activity within the United States. Ii prominent abolitionists from the Democracy were William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832, which helped to change perceptions on slavery. The movement increased antagonism over the issues of slavery, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots in Massachusetts between 1835 and 1837. The works of abolitionists contributed to the eventual actions of the Commonwealth during the Civil War.
Massachusetts was amid the offset states to respond to President Lincoln's call for troops. It was the offset state to recruit, railroad train and arm a black regiment with white officers, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
Prosperity decades: 1900–1929
Massachusetts entered the twentieth century with a stiff industrial economic system, which prospered between 1900 and 1919. Factories throughout the Commonwealth produced goods varying from newspaper to metals. Boston, in the year 1900, was withal the second most important port within the United states, every bit well as the most valuable U.S. port in terms of its fish market place. Past 1908, nevertheless, the value of the port dropped considerably due to competition. Population growth within this period, which was aided by immigration from abroad, helped in urbanization and forced a modify in the ethnic make-upwardly of the Commonwealth.
Depression and war: 1929–1945
Fifty-fifty before the Great Depression struck the U.s., Massachusetts was experiencing economical problems. The crash of the Commonwealth's major industries led to declining population in mill towns. The Boston Metropolitan expanse became i of the slowest growing areas in the U.Due south. between 1920 and 1950. Internal migration within the Commonwealth, however, was contradistinct by the Great Low. In the wake of economical woes, people moved to the metropolitan area of Boston looking for jobs, simply to observe loftier unemployment and dismal conditions. In the depressed state of affairs that predominated in Boston during this era, racial tension manifested itself in gang warfare at times, notably with clashes between the Irish and Italians.
The state also endured class conflict during this flow. This might exist represented past the 1912 general strike of Lawrence, Massachusetts. In the class of the disruptive event, almost all of the town'due south mills were forced to shut down equally a issue strife over wages that sustained only poverty. The issues of worker weather and wages had been subjects of discussion in the Commonwealth before. Equally an instance, when the legislature decreed that women and children could work only fifty hours per week, employers cut wages proportionally. Eventually, the demands of the Lawrence strikers were given into, and a pay increment was made.
The net result of the economic and social turmoil in Massachusetts was the get-go of a change in the Commonwealth'south way of operation. Politics helped to encourage stability amidst social groups by elevating members of diverse ranks in society, also as ethnic groups, to influential posts. The Republic's economy was ripe for change as the post-war years dawned.
Economical changes: turn down of manufacturing 1945–1985
In the years post-obit Earth War II, Massachusetts was transformed from a manufactory system to a largely service and high-tech based economy. During the war, the U.S. government had congenital facilities that they leased, and in the post-state of war years sold, to defense contractors. Such facilities contributed to an economy focused on creating specialized defense goods. That grade of economy prospered as a effect of the Cold State of war, the Vietnam War, and the Korean War.
Modernistic economy and society: 1985–2007
In the ensuing years, government contracts, individual investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. All of these economic changes encouraged suburbanization and the formation of a new generation of well-assimilated and educated centre-grade workers. Suburbanization flourished, as the Road 128 corridor became dotted with enquiry developments. Designed to relieve some of the traffic problems of the poorly planned city, the state received federal funding for the $xiv.6 billion Central Avenue/Tunnel Project in 1987. Known colloquially as the "the Large Dig," it was at the time the largest federal highway project ever canonical. Major construction lasted until 2005, and as of 2007, landscaping was still ongoing. The project has been controversial due to massive upkeep overruns, repeated structure delays, h2o leaks in the new tunnels which sprouted in 2004, and a ceiling collapse in 2007.
Law, authorities and politics
The Massachusetts State House in Boston
Boston, founded on September 17, 1630 by Puritan colonists from England, is the capital and largest metropolis in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The largest city in New England, information technology is considered the unofficial economic and cultural heart of the entire region. The metropolis, which had an estimated population of 596,763 in 2006, lies at the center of the Boston–Cambridge–Quincy metropolitan area—the 11th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. with a population of 4.4 meg.
Law
The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified on March 2, 1780 while the Revolutionary State of war was in progress, 4 years after the Manufactures of Confederation was drafted, and seven years before the nowadays The states Constitution was ratified in 1787. Massachusetts has the oldest written Constitution now in use by any regime in the world. It specifies three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Government
The governor is head of the executive branch and serves as main authoritative officer of the land and as commander-in-chief of the Massachusetts National Guard. The Governor may recommend new policies for the state, new legislation, and changes in the administration of departments that bear the government from day to day. Several executive offices take also been established, each headed by a secretary appointed by the governor, much like the president's cabinet.
The Governor's Council (also called the Executive Council) is composed of the Lieutenant Governor and viii councilors elected from councilor districts for two-year terms. It has the constitutional power to approve judicial appointments and pardons, to authorize expenditures from the Treasury, to corroborate the engagement of constitutional officers if a vacancy occurs when the legislature is not in session, and to compile and certify the results of statewide elections.
The state legislature is formally styled the "General Court." Elected every 2 years, the Full general Courtroom is made upwards of a Senate of forty members and a Business firm of Representatives of 160 members. The Massachusetts Senate is said to be the second oldest autonomous deliberative body in the world.
Judicial appointments are held to the age of 70. The Supreme Judicial Court, consisting of a chief justice and half dozen associate justices, is the highest court in the Commonwealth; it is empowered to give informational opinions to the governor and the legislature on questions of police. All trials are held in departments and divisions of a unified Trial Courtroom, headed by a Chief Justice for Administrative and Management, assisted past an administrator of courts. The Superior Court, consisting of a primary justice and eighty-i associate justices, is the highest department of the Trial Court. Other departments are the District, Housing, Juvenile, Land, and Probate Courts.
Politics
Massachusetts, habitation to the Kennedy political dynasty, routinely votes for the Autonomous Party in federal elections. It is the most populous country to accept an all-Democratic Congressional delegation (ten representatives and two senators), too making it the largest state to have a solid delegation of either party. As of the 2006 ballot, the Republican party held less than xiii percent of the seats in both legislative houses of the General Courtroom, in the House, the rest is 141 Autonomous to 19 Republican, and in the Senate, 35 to 5.
Although Republicans held the governor'south office continuously from 1991 to 2007, they accept generally been amidst the well-nigh progressive Republican leaders in the nation.
In presidential elections, Massachusetts supported Republicans until 1912, from 1916 through 1924, in the 1950s, and in 1980 and 1984. From 1988 through 2004, the state has supported Democratic presidential candidates. During the 1972 election, Massachusetts was the simply state to give its balloter votes to George McGovern, the Democratic nominee.
Following a Nov 2003 determination of the land's Supreme Court, Massachusetts became the first state to outcome same-sexual practice marriage licenses, on May 17, 2004. Information technology was the outset state in the matrimony to mandate health insurance for all its citizens.
Economy
Massachusetts state quarter.
The Agency of Economical Analysis estimated that Massachusetts's gross state product in 2005 was Us $325 billion. Per capita personal income in 2005 was US$43,702, making information technology the third highest, but backside that of Connecticut and New Jersey. Gross state product increased 2.six pct from 2004 to 2005, below the national average of 3.5 percentage.[six]
Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income revenue enhancement of five.iii pct, with an exemption for income below a threshold that varies from twelvemonth to year. The state imposes a 5 pct sales taxation on retail sales of tangible personal property, with some exceptions. All real and tangible personal property located within the state is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts manor tax related to federal estate tax collection.
Manufacture
Sectors vital to Massachusetts' economy include plastics product manufacturing, higher education, biotechnology, aerospace/defence, health care, financial services and tourism. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, scientific instruments, printing, and publishing.
Massachusetts was the domicile of many of the largest computer companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation (now Hewlett-Packard), Data Full general, and Wang Laboratories situated around Route 128 and 495. About of the larger companies barbarous into decline after the rise of the personal computer. High technology remains an important sector, though few of the largest technology companies are based in the state.
Agriculture
The state'south mostly rocky soils support piddling agriculture, though the sandy bogs in the southeastern area of the state and Cape Cod produce about xl per centum the U.S. cranberry supply. Thanks largely to the Ocean Spray cooperative, Massachusetts is the 2nd largest cranberry producing state in the union afterwards Wisconsin. Other agricultural outputs are greenhouse and nursery stock, dairy products, tobacco and vegetables. Every bit of 2005, there were half-dozen,100 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a full of 520,000 acres, averaging 85 acres each.
Transportation
Massachusetts' "highway" system for its first 200 years were actually waterways. Rivers (the Connecticut and Merrimack) also every bit human-fabricated canals served every bit the state's infrastructure. In 1673 the Boston Mail service Road was opened, which connected that city with New York Metropolis.
In 1826 the first railroad operated between Quincy and Charlestown. A steam railroad was added in 1839, which connected the towns of Springfield and Worcester. The Hoosac Rail Tunnel was drilled through the Hoosac Range between 1851 and 1875. The country'southward first rider subway was congenital in Boston.
Boston's Logan International Airdrome, stretching forth the harbor, is a hub for several major airlines. The country is crisscrossed by ten interstate highways and viii major thoroughfares. A massive undertaking to depress I-93 in the Boston downtown area, known as the "Large Dig" has brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny over the final decade.
Public transportation in the form of a subway system and longer distance Commuter Track in the Boston metro expanse is operated past the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority merely mostly runs through the Greater Boston expanse, including service to Worcester and Providence, Rhode Island. Xv other regional transit authorities provide public transportation, mostly exterior the MBTA service area. The Greater Springfield surface area is serviced past the Pioneer Valley Transportation Authority (PVTA). In addition, the Springfield surface area volition finally receive its ain commuter rail service around 2010, with service southward to Hartford and New Haven in Connecticut, and perhaps commuter service to Boston at a later on engagement.
Education
Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Massachusetts has historically had a strong commitment to education. Information technology was the first state to require municipalities to appoint a instructor or establish a grammer schoolhouse (albeit paid by the parents of the pupils) with the passage of the Massachusetts Instruction Law of 1647; this mandate was subsequently made a role of the state constitution in 1789. From this law came the establishment of schools in every town, elementary schools merely in towns of fifty families, secondary or Latin grammar schools also in towns of over one hundred families.
Massachusetts is home to the state'southward oldest high schoolhouse, Boston Latin School (founded Apr 23, 1635), America's commencement publicly funded loftier school, Dedham, Massachusetts (founded January 2, 1643), oldest higher, now called Harvard University (founded 1636), and oldest municipally supported free library, Boston Public Library (founded 1848). Massachusetts was the first state to pass compulsory school omnipresence laws, and by 1918, all states required children to receive an education.
Massachusetts is home to many well-known preparatory schools, colleges, and universities. There are more than xl colleges located in the greater Boston surface area alone. 10 colleges and universitites are located in the greater Worcester area. The University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) is the five-campus public university organization of the Republic.
Demographics
Massachusetts Population Density Map
Massachusetts had an estimated 2006 population of 6,437,193, an increase of 3,826, or 0.1 percent, from the prior year and an increment of 88,088, or 1.iv per centum, since the year 2000. This includes an increase since the last census of 289,521 people (839,120 births minus 549,599 deaths) and a decrease from net migration of 89,812 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 165,435 people, and internet migration within the country resulted in a loss of 257,580 people. The state's foreign-built-in population increased by 21.4 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period it gained over 165,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 938,000.
Bequeathed lines
The v largest reported ancestries - as of the 2000 census -in Massachusetts are: Irish gaelic (22.5 percent), Italian (13.5 percent), French/French Canadian (eight percent) English (11.four percent), German (five.9 pct). Massachusetts has one of the highest populations of Swedish and Irish ancestry in the nation. At that place are also large communities of people of Finnish (Fitchburg/Gardner); Armenian, Lebanese (Worcester); Italian and French descent. Other influential ethnicities are Greek Americans, Lithuanian Americans and Smoothen Americans. Massachusetts "Yankees," of colonial English ancestry, still have a strong presence.
Lowell, in the northeast of the land, is home to the second largest Cambodian (Khmer) community in the land, exterior of Long Embankment, California. Although most of the Native Americans intermarried or died in King Philip's War (1675), the Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah, Grafton, on Martha's Vineyard, and Mashpee. [seven] The Nipmuck maintain ii land-recognized reservations in the central part of the country. Other Wampanoags and other Native American people live scattered around the state outside of reservations.
Population distribution
Almost Bay Staters live within a 60-mile radius of the Land House on Beacon Hill, oft called Greater Boston: the City of Boston, neighboring cities and towns, the Northward Shore, South Shore, the northern, western, and southern suburbs, and most of southeastern and fundamental Massachusetts. The 40-mile corridor between Boston and Worcester is chosen "Massachusetts Main Street." Eastern Massachusetts is more than urban than Western Massachusetts, which is primarily rural, save for the cities of Springfield, and Northampton, which serve as centers of population density in the Pioneer Valley.
Organized religion
Massachusetts was founded and settled by the Pilgrims in 1620 with the institution of the Plymouth colony, and the Puritans in the seventeenth century. The descendants of the Puritans belong to many dissimilar churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the Congregational/United Church building of Christ and Unitarian Universalist churches. The Puritan Congregational Church remained the established church until an amendment to the state constitution was passed in 1833. Yet, both of these denominations are noted for their strong support of social justice, civil rights, and moral problems, including potent and early advocacy of abolition of slavery, women's rights, and (later 2000) legal recognition of gay marriage. The earth headquarters of the Unitarian-Universalist Church is located on Beacon Hill in Boston.
Today Protestants brand up less than xxx percent of the state's population. Roman Catholics now predominate because of massive clearing from Ireland, Quebec, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. A large Jewish population came to the Boston area 1880-1920. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Scientific discipline the earth headquarters. Buddhists, pagans, Hindus, Seventh-Twenty-four hour period Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons also tin can be plant. Krepalu and the Insight Meditation Center (Barre) are examples of non-western religious centers in Massachusetts.
Sports and recreation
The 100th running of the Boston Marathon, 1996
Masssachusetts has a long history with amateur athletics and professional teams. Most of the major professional teams have won multiple championships in their respective leagues. It is also abode to prestigious sports events such equally the Boston Marathon, the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond in Worcester, and the Head of the Charles Regatta. The Falmouth Road Race in running and the Fitchburg Longsjo Classic in bike racing are also very pop events with long histories.
Boating activities such as sailing and yachting are popular all along the Massachusetts coast and its offshore islands. Hiking, camping, and cantankerous-country skiing are also popular activities in many of the state's undeveloped lands. The Appalachian Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail are all long distance hiking trails that run the length of the state, providing areas for camping, mountain biking, or hiking. Flyfishing inland rivers for trout, surf casting for striped bass and bluefish and deep sea fishing for cod and haddock all remain pop. Hunting, primarily for whitetail deer and waterfowl continues to attract a number of residents.
The Boston Marathon
The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event hosted by the urban center of Boston, on Patriots' Day, the third Mon of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the offset modern-day marathon contest in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the globe'southward oldest annual marathon and ranks equally one of the world's most prestigious road racing events.
Today, the Boston Able-bodied Clan (B.A.A.) manages this event. Apprentice and professional person runners from all over the earth compete in the Boston Marathon each yr, braving the hilly New England terrain and unpredictable, sometimes savage, weather to take office in the race.
The event attracts an average of about xx,000 registered participants each yr. In the 100th running of the Marathon in 1996, the number of participants reached 38,000. While there are cash prizes awarded to the winners of the marathon, most of the runners accept part in the historical marathon just for the joy of participating in such a prestigious race. Indeed, the qualifying standard is high enough that many marathoners aspire to see it, and doing then is considered an achievement in itself.
The Boston Marathon is New England's about widely viewed sporting effect. Virtually 500,000 spectators watch the race live annually, along with more than 1,100 media members from over 250 outlets. Current grade records equally of 2007 are ii:07:14 and 2:xx:43 for men's open and women'due south open up, respectively.
Notes
- ↑ Population, Housing Units, Surface area, and Density (geographically ranked by total population): 2000. U.s. Census Agency. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
- ↑ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April i, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Demography Bureau, Population Division (December 2011). Retrieved Dec 21, 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Elevations and Distances in the United states. United States Geological Survey (2001). Retrieved Oct 21, 2011.
- ↑ Peak adjusted to Due north American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ↑ Indian Tribes of Massachusetts [1]. native-languages.org. Retrieved Apr 26, 2008.
- ↑ Bureau of Economic Analysis States with Highest Per Capita Income.[2].Retrieved April 26, 2008.
- ↑ David Weber, February 15, 2007. Mashpee Wampanoag Indians receive federal recognition The Boston World. Retrieved December vii, 2007.
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Average Salaries of Public School Teachers. [three] National Education Association. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 270
- Immigration Impact: Massachusetts. [iv] Federation for American Immigration Reform. Retrieved Nov 21, 2007.
- Population and Population Centers by State in 2000. [5] Census.Gov. Retrieved Nov 21, 2007.
- Salwen, Bert, 1978. "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15, 160-176. of Handbook of N American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Establishment. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Printing, pg. 401
- Well-nigh spoken languages in Massachusetts. Modern Linguistic communication Association. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- Gross Domestic Production by Land in 2005. [6] Bureau of Economic Assay. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
Overviews and Surveys
- Dark-brown, Richard D., and Jack Tager. 2000. Massachusetts a concise history. Amherst: Academy of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1558492488
- Feintuch, Burt, and David H. Watters. 2005. The encyclopedia of New England. New Haven, Conn: Yale Academy Press. ISBN 0300100272 '
Secondary Sources
- Abrams, Richard M. 1964. Conservatism in a progressive era; Massachusetts politics, 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Academy Printing.
- Adams, James Truslow. 1923. Revolutionary New England, 1691-1776. Boston: Atlantic monthly Press.
- Adams, James Truslow, and James Truslow Adams. 1926. New England in the republic, 1776-1850. Boston: Petty, Brown.
- Andrews, Charles McLean. 1919. The fathers of New England; a chronicle of the Puritan commonwealths. The Chronicles of America series, v. six. New Haven: Yale University Press; [etc., etc.].
- Conforti, Joseph A. 2001. Imagining New England explorations of regional identity from the pilgrims to the mid-twentieth century. Chapel Hill: Academy of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807826251
- Cumbler, John T. 2001. Reasonable use the people, the environment, and the state, New England, 1790-1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195138139
- Fischer, David Hackett. 1994. Paul Revere's ride. New York: Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN 0195088476
- Juravich, Tom, William F. Hartford, James R. Green, and Dan Georgianna. 1997. Democracy of Toil: Capacity in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions. Labor History 38 (2-3): 348.
- Huthmacher, J. Joseph. 1959. Massachusetts people and politics, 1919-1933. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Printing of Harvard University Printing.
- Labaree, Benjamin Woods. 1979. "Colonial Massachusetts a history." A history of the American Colonies. Millwood, NY: KTO Press. ISBN 0527187143
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1961. The maritime history of Massachusetts, 1783 - 1860. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Printing.
- Peirce, Neal R. 1976. The New England States people, poltics, and ability in the six New England States. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393055582
- Porter, Susan Lynne. 1996. Women of the commonwealth work, family, and social change in nineteenth-century Massachusetts. Amherst: Academy of Massachusetts Printing. ISBN 1558490051
- Sletcher, Michael. 2004. New England. The Greenwood encyclopedia of American regional cultures. Westport, CT: Greenwood Printing. ISBN 031332753X
- Starkey, Marion Lena. 1949. The Devil in Massachusetts, a modern inquiry into the Salem witch trials. New York: A.A. Knopf.
- Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic. 1985. Massachusetts in the Gilded Historic period selected essays. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0870234803
- Zimmerman, Joseph Francis. 1999. The New England town meeting republic in action. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0275965236
External links
All links retrieved August 31, 2018.
- The University of Texas at Austin. Massachusetts Maps.
- New England Towns. Massachusetts.
- Citizens Data Service. Massachusetts Facts: Part One.
- Citizens Information Service. Miscellaneous Massachusetts Facts: Function Four.
- Cornell University Police force Schoolhouse. Massachusetts Legal Materials.
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